This happened to me quite a few times so far. It’s a problem with file permissions.
Happens when you close Chrome(ium) while it was doing some syncing, would be my guess.
You can either delete or change the permissions of the “Web Data” folder:
rm -rf ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/Web\ Data
chmod -R 775 ~/.config/google-chrome/Default/Web\ Data
For Chromium users, switch google-chrome to chromium.